NATURE

Wastewater treatment, also called sewage treatment, the removal of impurities from wastewater, or sewage, before they reach aquifers or natural bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, estuaries, and oceans. Since pure water is not found in nature (i.e., outside chemical laboratories), any distinction between clean water and polluted water depends on the type and concentration of impurities found in the water as well as on its intended use. In broad terms, water is said to be polluted when it contains enough impurities to make it unfit for a particular use, such as drinking, swimming, or fishing. Although water quality is affected by natural conditions, the word pollution usually implies human activity as the source of contamination. Water pollution, therefore, is caused primarily by the drainage of contaminated wastewater into surface water or groundwater, and wastewater treatment is a major element of water pollution control.

Wastewater treatment generally involves 3 stages of treatment: primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.

– Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a basin or clarifier where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid is transferred to the next stage of treatment.

– Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary treatment is typically performed by water-borne micro-organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.

– Tertiary treatment allows further disinfection either chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons and microfiltration) prior to discharge into a creek or river or it can be used for the irrigation of pastures or sporting fields.

In a simple way , Breaking Down of various nutrient Glucose , Protien with the help of oxygen (O₂) gsa Known as Respiration.

OR

A process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

TYPES :-

1. Aerobic respiration .
2. Anaerobic respiration .

1. Aerobic Respiration :-

Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast , anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.

2. Anaerobic Respiration :-

Anaerobic respiration is the type of respiration through which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen. This is in contrast to the highly efficient process of aerobic respiration , which relies on oxygen to produce energy.

Molecular oxygen is the most efficient electron acceptor for respiration, due to its high affinity for electrons. However, some organisms have evolved to use other final electron acceptors, and as such, can perform respiration without oxygen.

Difference between Aerobic And Anaerobic Respiration :-

Aerobic Respiration	Anaerobic Respiration
1. It takes place in the presence of oxygen.	1. It takes place in the absence of oxygen.
2. Complete breakdown of food occurs.	2. Partial breakdown of food occurs.
3. The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.	3. The end products in anaerobic respiration may be ethanol and carbon dioxide (as in yeast plant) or lactic acid (as in animal muscles).
4. In this considerable amount of energy is produced.	4. Much less energy is produced.

Mechanism of Human Respiration :-

The human respiratory system consists of a pair of lungs and a series of air passages leading to the lungs.

The entire respiratory tract (passage) consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

Air enters the nose through the nostrils. When air passes through the nose, it is warmed, moistened and filtered. The hairs present in the nose filter out particles in the incoming air. The air is moistened by the mucus present in the nose, and it is warmed by the blood flowing through the capillaries in the nose.

The respiratory tract from the nose to the bronchioles is lined by mucous membranes and cilia. The mucus and cilia act as additional filters.

Behind the nose lies the pharynx (throat). There are two passages here—one for food and the other for air. The air passes from the pharynx to the larynx, or the voice box. The opening leading to the larynx is called glottis. It is protected by a lid called epiglottis, which prevents food from entering the passage to the lungs.

From the larynx the air goes to the trachea, or the windpipe. The trachea is about 11 cm long. It is guarded by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings, which prevent the trachea from collapsing. The trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi. Each bronchus divides and branches out in the form of thinner tubes called bronchioles.

The bronchioles enter the lungs and divide further into finer branches called alveolar ducts. These open into extremely thin-walled, grape-shaped air sacs called alveoli. Each alveolus is covered by a web of blood capillaries.

The lungs are a pair of spongy organs lying in the chest cavity formed by the ribs. The actual exchange of gases between the air and the body takes place in the capillary-covered alveoli inside the lungs. Here, oxygen from the air in the alveoli goes into the blood, and the carbon dioxide in the blood goes out.

The oxygen binds to the haemoglobin molecules present in the red blood corpuscles and is taken to different parts of the body.

The total surface area through which the exchange of gases can take place increases because of the millions of alveoli in the lungs. Their total surface area can be about a hundred times that of the body. The large surface area allows sufficient oxygen intake needed for releasing the large amount of energy required by us.

Mechanism of Breathing:

There are two main steps in breathing: inspiration and expiration:

Inspiration:

Inspiration (inhalation) is the process of breathing in, by which air is brought into the lungs.

Inspiration involves the following steps:

i. The muscles attached to the ribs on their outer side contract. This causes the ribs to be pulled out, expanding the chest cavity.

ii. The muscle wall between the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity, called diaphragm, contracts and moves downwards to further expand the chest cavity.

iii. The abdominal muscles contract.

The expansion of the chest cavity creates a partial vacuum in the chest cavity. This sucks in air into the lungs, and fills the expanded alveoli.

Expiration:

After the exchange of gases in the lungs, the air has to be expelled. Expulsion of the air from the lungs is called expiration. In this process, muscles attached to the ribs on their inner side contract, and the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles relax. This leads to a decrease in the volume of the chest cavity, which increases the pressure on the lungs. The air in the lungs is pushed out and it passes out through the nose.

When we breathe out, not all of the air in the lungs gets expelled. Some of it remains in the lungs. This keeps the lungs from collapsing and allows more time for the exchange of gases.

Transport of Gases:

In very small organisms, there is no need to have a separate transportation system for gases because all its cells are involved directly in the exchange of gases by diffusion. However, a large multicellular organism needs a mechanism for the transport of gases for its different organs and tissues.

Human beings also have a system for transportation of gases. Oxygen is carried by haemoglobin of the red blood cells. Haemoglobin has a great affinity for oxygen—each haemoglobin molecule binds to four molecules of oxygen. The oxygen ‘picked up’ by haemoglobin gets transported with the blood to various tissues.

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. So, some of it is transported in the dissolved form in our blood. Some carbon dioxide is also transported by haemoglobin. Not all of the carbon dioxide formed is expelled from the body. Some of it reacts with water to form compounds useful for life processes.

 Do you constantly seek to improve yourself and become better?

If you do, then we have something in common. For sure, there is always something about ourselves we can improve on. The human potential is limitless, so it’s impossible to reach a point of no growth.

Whenever we think we are good, we can be even better.As a passionate advocate of growth, I’m continuously looking for ways to self-improve. I have compiled some best step that help you in journey of personal growth. Here they are :

Reading :

Continuous reading , like – Article , Newspaper, Magazine , Book , Blog Etc.

When you’re reading a book every day, you will feed your brain with more and more knowledge.

Pick up a new hobby :

Beyond just your usual favorite hobbies, is there something new you can pick up? Any new sport you can learn?

There are some hobby you can choose:

20 Productive Hobbies That Will Make You Smarter and Happier.

Have a weekly exercise routine.

A better you starts with being in better physical shape. I personally make it a point to jog at least 3 times a week, at least 30 minutes each time.

You may want to mix it up with jogging, gym lessons and swimming for variation.

Check out these 15 Tips to Restart the Exercise Habit (and How to Keep It).

Quit a bad habit.

Are there any bad habits you can lose? Oversleeping? Not exercising? Being late? Slouching? Nail biting? Smoking?

Learn from your friends.

Everyone has amazing qualities in them. It’s up to how we want to tap into them.

With all the friends who surround you, they are going to have things you can learn from.

Try thinking of a good friend right now. Think about just one quality they have which you want to adopt. How can you learn from them and adopt this skill for yourself?

Speak to them if you need to. For sure, they will be more than happy to help!

Material and subtances or substancesoccuring in nature which can be exploited for economic gain. “commonly Energy is the best source of natural resource”

Some Of These Are :-

1. Fossil Fuels.
2. wind Energy.
3. Solar Energy.
4. Geothermal Energy.
5. Energy From Sea
   1. Tidal Energy
   2. Wave Energy

Natural resource management, ways in which societies manage the supply of or access to the natural resources upon which they rely for their survival and development. Insofar as humans are fundamentally dependent on natural resources, ensuring the ongoing access to or a steady provision of natural resources has always been central to the organization of civilizations and, historically, has been organized through a range of schemes varying in degrees of formality and involvement from the central authorities.

A “natural” resource is one that is afforded by nature without human intervention; hence, the fertile lands or the minerals within them, rather than the crop that grows on them, are examples of a country’s natural resources. Although what is considered a “resource” (or, for that matter, “natural”) has varied over time and from one society to another, resources are, ultimately, riches provided by nature from which can be derived some form of benefit, whether material or immaterial. Under some definitions, only those natural resources that can renew themselves and whose exploitation relies on their regenerative capacities properly necessitate management. For example, oil is not usually considered a subject of natural resource management, whereas forests are. The use of nonrenewable resources is subject to regulation rather than management. The management of renewable natural resources seeks to balance the demands of exploitation with a respect for regenerative capacities.